《迷信》（20250207出书）一周论文导读

Science, 7 FEB 2025, VOLUME 387, ISSUE 6734《迷信》2025年2月7日，第387卷，6734期?物理学PhysicsFour-dimensional conserved topological charge vectors in plasmonic quasicrystals等离子准晶体中的四维守恒拓扑电荷矢量▲ 作者：SHAI TSESSES, PASCAL DREHER, DAVID JANOSCHKA, ALEXANDER NEUHAUS, KOBI COHEN, TIM C. MEILER, TOMER BUCHER, SHAY SAPIR, BETTINA FRANK, AND GUY BARTAL▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt2495▲择要：物理体系的对称性跟拓扑构造与把持拓扑性子的对称性亲密相干。准晶体是有序体系，但不平移或扭转对称性。实践研讨标明，准晶体能够懂得为高维晶体在低维空间上的投影。研讨者开辟了一个基于等离子体的体系，用于研讨该投影对拓扑稳定量的影响。当进入四维空间并将其投射到二维空间时，光波在等离子准晶体上的庞杂能源学表示出四维拓扑电荷矢量的活动跟相干的拓扑电荷守恒定律。这种方式有助于在更高维度上研讨拓扑体系。▲ Abstract：The symmetry and topology of physical systems are closely related to the symmetries governing the topological properties. Quasicrystals are ordered systems but have no translation or rotational symmetries. Theoretical work has shown that quasicrystals can be understood as the projection of a higher-dimensional crystal onto a lower-dimensional space. Tsesses et al. developed a plasmonic-based system in which to study the implications of that projection for topological invariants. When going into four-dimensional space and projecting it down into two dimensions, the complex dynamics of light waves on the plasmonic quasicrystal exhibited motions of four-dimensional topological charge vectors and associated topological charge conservation laws. This approach allows the study of topological systems in higher dimensions.Squeezed dual-comb spectroscopy紧缩双梳光谱学▲ 作者：DANIEL I. HERMAN, MATHIEU WALSH, MOLLY KATE KREIDER, NOAH LORDI, EUGENE J. TSAO, ALEXANDER J. LIND, MATTHEW HEYRICH, JOSHUA COMBES, JéR?ME GENEST, AND SCOTT A. DIDDAMS▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads6292▲择要：光学频率梳跟双梳光谱曾经被证实能够实现高辨别率光谱。研讨者将双梳光谱学利用于量子系统，证实了在光学频率梳中应用量子力学紧缩光的计量上风。他们应用紧缩光的双频梳状光谱进步了分子检测的敏锐度。对硫化氢，量子噪声的下降招致了气体浓度测定的两倍量子减速。这种方式将激起应用紧缩状况停止频率梳计量，高辨别率光谱跟传感到用的进一步开展。▲ Abstract：Optical-frequency combs and dual-comb spectroscopy have already been shown to enable high-resolution spectroscopy. Herman et al. have now taken dual-comb spectroscopy to the quantum regime, demonstrating the metrological advantage of using quantum mechanically squeezed light in optical-frequency combs. Dual-frequency comb spectroscopy using squeezed light enhances the sensitivity of molecular detection, in this case for hydrogen sulfide, with the quantum noise reduction leading to a twofold quantum speedup in the determination of gas concentration. This approach will motivate further development using squeezed states for frequency comb metrology, high-resolution spectroscopy, and sensing applications.生物学BiologyDoes the mantis shrimp pack a phononic shield？螳螂虾有音障吗？▲ 作者：N. A. ALDERETE, S. SANDEEP, S. RAETZ, M. ASGARI, M. ABI GHANEM , AND H. D. ESPINOSA▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7100▲ 择要：螳螂虾以其疾速无力地攻打猎物的才能而驰名，无论是直接攻打仍是因为空化气泡的敏捷决裂，都不会对本身形成严重损害。这种才能很年夜水平上归因于虾的dactyl棒状构造的庞杂、多标准构造以及由此发生的机器机能。研讨者应用疾速光谱技巧提醒了该构造在声子屏障才能方面的感化，标明它能够无效地过滤剪切波，以加重撞击进程中的打击力。▲ Abstract：The mantis shrimp is known for its ability to rapidly and forcefully strike its prey, both directly and due to the rapid collapse of cavitation bubbles, without sustaining significant damage. Much of this ability has been attributed to the complex multiscale organization of the structure of the shrimp’s dactyl club and its resultant mechanical properties. Alderete et al. used fast spectroscopy techniques to disclose the effect of the club structure in terms of its phononic shielding abilities, showing that it can effectively filter shear waves to mitigate impact forces during strikes.Whale song shows language-like statistical structure鲸鱼歌声表现出相似言语的统计构造▲ 作者：INBAL ARNON, SIMON KIRBY, JENNY A. ALLEN, CLAIRE GARRIGUE, EMMA L. CARROLL, AND ELLEN C. GARLAND▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7100▲择要：座头鲸的歌声是一种文明传布行动。人类言语也是文明传布行动，它有统计上连接的局部，其频率散布遵守幂律。这些特征有助于进修，因而可能是由于它们有助于言语在多文明世代中忠诚地传布。研讨者将基于婴儿语音宰割的方式利用于长达8年的座头鲸灌音记载，发明鲸鱼歌曲中存在与人类言语雷同的统计构造。在两个退化间隔较远的物种中，这种个性指出了进修跟文明传布在人类言语特征呈现中的感化，这些特征此前被以为是人类言语独占的。▲ Abstract：Humpback whale song is a culturally transmitted behavior. Human language, which is also culturally transmitted, has statistically coherent parts whose frequency distribution follows a power law. These properties facilitate learning and may therefore arise because of their contribution to the faithful transmission of language over multiple cultural generations.In this study, we applied methods based on infant speech segmentation to 8 years of humpback recordings, uncovering in whale song the same statistical structure that is a hallmark of human language. This commonality, in two evolutionarily distant species, points to the role of learning and cultural transmission in the emergence of properties thought to be unique to human language.医学Medical ScienceKidney multiome-based genetic scorecard reveals convergent coding and regulatory variants研讨者树立肾病多组学资本库▲ 作者：YHONGBO LIU , AMIN ABEDINI, EUNJI HA, ZIYUAN MA, XIN SHENG, BERNHARD DUMOULIN, CHENGXIANG QIU, TAMAS ARANYI, SHEN LI, AND KATALIN SUSZTAK▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp4753▲择要：肾病由于多种起因变得相称广泛，会极年夜地激发并发症并招致逝世亡。为了辅助处理这一成绩，研讨者构建了一个宏大的资本库，包含200多万病患的遗传数据跟数百人的肾脏具体检讨材料，并对此中一个子集以单细胞精度停止了研讨。除了辨认招致种种范例肾脏疾病的大批遗传变异外，研讨者还计划了一个遗列传分卡，以辅助辨认其余相干基因、细胞范例跟潜伏的医治靶点。▲ Abstract：Kidney disease due to a variety of underlying conditions is quite common and contributes greatly to patient complications, healthcare costs, and mortality. To help address this problem in a comprehensive way, Liu et al. compiled a massive resource consisting of genetic data on more than 2 million human patients and detailed examination of the kidneys for hundreds of individuals, with a subset studied at single-cell precision. In addition to identifying a multitude of genetic variants that contribute to various types of kidney disease, the authors have devised a genetic scorecard to assist in the identification of additional relevant genes, cell types, and potential therapeutic targets.Supersaturation mutagenesis reveals adaptive rewiring of essential genes among malaria parasites过饱跟诱变提醒了疟疾寄生虫中必须基因的顺应性从新布线▲ 作者：JENNA OBERSTALLER, SHULIN XU, DEBOKI NASKAR, MIN ZHANG, CHENGQI WANG, JUSTIN GIBBONS, CAMILLA VALENTE PIRES, MATTHEW MAYHO, THOMAS D. OTTO, AND JOHN H. ADAMS▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7347▲择要：疟疾的把持遭到一直呈现的药物跟杀虫剂耐药性的困扰。跟着人们意识到从灵长类植物向人类传布的人畜共患疟疾，在惹起疟疾的寄生虫（疟原虫）中寻觅新靶点的任务变得愈加紧急。研讨者在亚洲猕猴中风行的诺氏疟原虫中实现了濒临饱跟的转座渐变挑选，指出了疟原虫中可能供给干涉靶点的须要基因。这些剖析标明，诺氏疟原虫存在高程度的代谢可塑性，这可能使其可能顺应新的宿主。比拟剖析标明，固然很多基因在疟原虫物种之间趋同，但差别标明在某些位点存在物种特异性顺应跟耐药性抉择。▲ Abstract：Malaria control is haunted by the continual emergence of drug and insecticide resistance. The search to find new targets in the parasite that causes malaria (Plasmodium spp.) has become even more urgent with the recognition of zoonotic malaria transmitting from primates to humans. Oberstaller et al. and Elsworth et al. achieved near saturation transposon mutagenesis screens in Plasmodium knowlesi, endemic in Asian macaque monkeys, which points to essential genes among plasmodia that may provide targets for intervention. These analyses showed that P. knowlesi has a high level of metabolic plasticity that may have enabled it to adapt to new hosts. Comparative analysis showed that although many genes are conserved among Plasmodium species, differences indicate species-specific adaptations and selection for drug resistance at certain loci.